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Pearson Edexcel 4MA1 IGCSE  ·  Topic G4.5

G4.5 Solving and Representing Inequalities

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01 — Explanation

How is solving an inequality different from solving an equation?

Almost identical algebra — add, subtract, multiply, divide to isolate xx — with one critical exception: multiplying or dividing both sides by a negative number flips the direction of the inequality sign. Never replace the inequality symbol with "=" partway through your working; that misrepresents the whole answer as a single value instead of a range.

Example: −3x≤9-3x \le 9. Dividing both sides by −3-3 gives x≥−3x \ge -3 — notice ≤\le became ≥\ge.

Exam Tip

You can dodge the sign-flip rule entirely by always collecting the xx-terms on whichever side keeps the coefficient positive. For 6x−5≤4x+76x-5\le4x+7, subtract 4x4x (not 6x6x) from both sides to get 2x−5≤72x-5\le7, avoiding division by a negative altogether.

02 — Explanation

How do I solve a multi-step inequality with brackets?

Expand first, then gather terms exactly as you would for an equation:

3(x−2)<8−2x3(x-2) < 8-2x
3x−6<8−2x3x - 6 < 8 - 2x
5x<14  ⟹  x<2.85x < 14 \implies x < 2.8

03 — Explanation

How do I solve a compound inequality like -7 \le 2x+1 < 9?

Apply the same operation to all three parts simultaneously:

−7−1≤2x<9−1  ⟹  −8≤2x<8  ⟹  −4≤x<4-7-1 \le 2x < 9-1 \implies -8 \le 2x < 8 \implies -4 \le x < 4

If dividing by a negative number were needed, both signs in the compound inequality would flip at once.

04 — Explanation

How do I draw the solution on a number line?

  • Open circle (○): strict inequality (<< or >>) — the boundary value itself is not included.
  • Closed/filled circle (●): inclusive inequality (≤\le or ≥\ge) — the boundary value is included.
  • An arrow extends from the circle in the direction of all the valid values (right for "greater than," left for "less than").

For the compound solution −4≤x<4-4\le x<4: a filled circle at −4-4, an open circle at 44, joined by a solid line between them.

05 — Explanation

How do I list the integer solutions of an inequality?

Convert the continuous range into a discrete list by carefully checking each boundary against strict vs. inclusive:

Example: −2≤x<1-2 \le x < 1. The lowest integer is −2-2 (included), and since xx must be strictly less than 11, the highest integer is 00. Solutions: {−2,−1,0}\{-2,-1,0\}.

Exam Tip

The most common error here is forgetting that 00 is an integer — don't skip it just because the list crosses from negative to positive values. The second most common error is including a strict boundary by mistake (e.g. listing 44 as a solution of x>4x>4, when the smallest valid integer is actually 55).

06 — Explanation

How do I form an inequality from a word problem?

Define the variable, translate the constraint directly (e.g. "no more than" becomes ≤\le), solve, and sanity-check the answer makes physical sense (a length or cost can't be negative).

07 — Worked example

Worked example

Solve 4x−5>15−x4x - 5 > 15 - x. State the smallest integer value of xx that satisfies the inequality.

  1. Add xx to both sides: 5x−5>155x - 5 > 15.
  2. Add 5 to both sides: 5x>205x > 20.
  3. Divide by 5 (positive, so the sign is unchanged): x>4x > 4.
  4. Since xx is strictly greater than 4, the smallest integer solution is x=5x = 5.