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Pearson Edexcel 4MA1 IGCSE  ·  Topic G5.12  ·  Higher tier

G5.12 Solving Simultaneous Equations Graphically

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01 — Explanation

Why does the intersection point give the solution?

Plotting y=f(x)y=f(x) and y=g(x)y=g(x) on the same axes, any point where the two graphs cross satisfies both equations at once — so its coordinates are the solution to the simultaneous system. Solving graphically is really just finding where f(x)=g(x)f(x)=g(x), but visually.

02 — Explanation

How many solutions should I expect?

  • Linear–linear: exactly one intersection point (unless the lines are parallel).
  • Linear–quadratic: zero, one (if the line is tangent to the curve), or two intersection points — because a straight line can cross a parabola at most twice.

03 — Explanation

What do I need to do before I can plot anything?

Rearrange every equation into the form y=f(x)y=f(x) first. A sign slip here (e.g. turning 2x−y=32x-y=3 into y=2x−3y=2x-3 incorrectly) invalidates the entire plot even if your plotting technique is flawless — so check this step carefully before drawing anything.

For straight lines, 2–3 points (ideally spread across the grid, including x=0x=0) plus a ruler are enough. For curves, you need a denser table of values (five or more points), joined with a smooth freehand curve — never straight segments.

04 — Explanation

How do I read off and state the solution(s)?

  1. Mark every point where the graphs cross.
  2. Read the xx- and yy-coordinates of each intersection, to the precision implied by the grid (often 1 d.p.).
  3. State solutions as clearly paired (x,y)(x,y) values — if there are two intersections, don't mix up which xx goes with which yy.

Exam Tip

Graphical answers are marked with a tolerance (typically within half a small square), since you're reading from a drawing rather than calculating exactly. Precision in both plotting and reading matters — a perfect plot read carelessly loses marks just as readily as a careless plot.

05 — Explanation

How can I use an already-plotted curve to solve a different equation?

If you're given the graph of y=x2+3x+1y=x^2+3x+1 but asked to solve x2+3x−4=0x^2+3x-4=0, manipulate the target equation until the plotted expression appears on one side:

x2+3x−4=0  ⇒  x2+3x+1=5x^2+3x-4=0 \;\Rightarrow\; x^2+3x+1=5

Since y=x2+3x+1y=x^2+3x+1 is already drawn, this becomes "solve y=5y=5": draw the horizontal line y=5y=5 and read off where it meets the curve.

Worked Example

Solve the system y=x2+3x+1y=x^2+3x+1 and y=2x+1y=2x+1 graphically.

  1. Rearrange (already in y=f(x)y=f(x) form for both).
  2. Plot the parabola using a table of values, and the line using two points.
  3. The line crosses the curve at (−1,−1)(-1,-1) and (0,1)(0,1).

Solutions: x=−1,y=−1x=-1, y=-1 and x=0,y=1x=0, y=1.

Exam Tip

Always check your chosen xx-range is wide enough to capture both the curve's turning point and every intersection — a table that's too narrow can hide a second solution entirely.

06 — Explanation

How is this different from solving the same system algebraically?

Algebraically, you'd substitute one equation into the other and solve the resulting quadratic exactly. Graphically, you're reading the same intersection points off a drawing, which means your answer is only as precise as your plotting and reading allow — hence the tolerance built into the mark scheme. The two methods aren't really separate skills: a graphical question is testing whether you can translate the same underlying algebra into an accurate physical picture, and then read it back out again correctly. If a question doesn't specify a method, solving algebraically first and using the graph only to double-check is often the safest combination for securing full marks.