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Pearson Edexcel 4MA1 IGCSE  ·  Topic G8.6  ·  Higher tier

G8.6 Quadratic Inequalities

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01 — Explanation

Why can't I just solve a quadratic inequality like an equation?

Solving x2+3x+2=0x^2+3x+2=0 gives two discrete points. The inequality x2+3x+2>0x^2+3x+2>0 asks a different question entirely: for which infinite range of xx-values is this true? A common and costly error is changing the inequality sign to "=" and treating the critical values as the whole answer — they're only the boundaries of the answer.

02 — Explanation

What's the reliable 4-step method?

Step 1 — Standard form with a>0a>0: Rearrange so one side is 0, and multiply by −1-1 if needed to make the x2x^2 coefficient positive (remember: multiplying/dividing by a negative flips the inequality sign). This guarantees you'll always be sketching a U-shape, removing one whole layer of decision-making.

Step 2 — Find critical values: Solve the related equation ax2+bx+c=0ax^2+bx+c=0 (factorise, or use the quadratic formula if it doesn't factorise).

Step 3 — Sketch: A simple U-shaped sketch crossing the xx-axis at your two critical values (correctly ordered left-to-right) is non-negotiable — it is the only reliable way to avoid Step 4's main pitfall.

Step 4 — Interpret: Read the solution directly off the sketch.

  • f(x)>0f(x)>0 (above axis) → the two outer "arms" → "OR": x<px<p or x>qx>q
  • f(x)<0f(x)<0 (below axis) → the single "trough" between roots → "AND": p<x<qp<x<q

03 — Explanation

What's the single biggest notation error to avoid?

Writing −5>x>3-5>x>3 for an "OR" solution. This is mathematically impossible — no number is both less than −5-5 and greater than 33. The word "or" is not optional; it's the only correct way to describe a disjoint region: x<−5x<-5 or x>3x>3.

Exam Tip

Strict inequalities (<,><,>) use open circles on a number line; non-strict (≤,≥\le,\ge) use closed/filled circles.

04 — Explanation

What if the equation doesn't factorise?

Use the quadratic formula for the critical values, same method otherwise.

Worked example: Find the integer values satisfying 2x2−10x+10<02x^2-10x+10<0.

Divide by 2: x2−5x+5<0x^2-5x+5<0. Formula gives x=5±52≈1.38x=\frac{5\pm\sqrt5}{2}\approx1.38 or 3.623.62.

Sketch: U-shape between these roots, solving "<0<0" (below axis) → 1.38<x<3.621.38<x<3.62.

The only integers in this range are 2 and 3.

05 — Explanation

What about special cases — repeated or no real roots?

If the discriminant b2−4ac=0b^2-4ac=0, there's one repeated root where the vertex just touches the axis; if it's negative, the curve never crosses the axis at all. Either way, sketch first — the answer is often "all real numbers" or "no solution," decided entirely by whether the (U-shaped) graph ever dips below zero.

Example: x2−6x+13>0x^2-6x+13>0 — discriminant =36−52=−16<0=36-52=-16<0, so the graph never crosses the axis and stays entirely above it (its minimum is at (3,4)(3,4)). Solution: all real numbers.

06 — Explanation

How do contextual (geometry) problems add an extra layer?

Solve the algebra first, then intersect with any physical constraints (e.g. side lengths must be positive).

Worked example: A rectangle has sides (2x−4)(2x-4) and (3x+2)(3x+2) cm, area A<3x+27A<3x+27. Find the range of xx.

Algebra: (2x−4)(3x+2)<3x+27  ⟹  6x2−11x−35<0(2x-4)(3x+2)<3x+27 \implies 6x^2-11x-35<0. Formula gives roots x=3.5x=3.5 or x=−53x=-\frac53, so −53<x<3.5-\frac53<x<3.5.

Context: side (2x−4)>0  ⟹  x>2(2x-4)>0 \implies x>2.

Intersecting both conditions: 2<x<3.52<x<3.5.

07 — Worked example

Worked exam-style question

Solve x(x+2)≥15x(x+2)\ge15 and represent the solution on a number line.

Expand and set to standard form: x2+2x−15≥0x^2+2x-15\ge0. Factorise: (x+5)(x−3)≥0(x+5)(x-3)\ge0, so critical values x=−5, 3x=-5,\ 3.

Sketch: U-shape crossing at −5-5 and 33. We want "≥0\ge0" (on or above axis) → the two outer arms.

x≤−5 or x≥3x\le-5 \text{ or } x\ge3

On a number line: closed circles at −5-5 and 33 (non-strict), with arrows extending left from −5-5 and right from 33.

Common Mistake

Treating x(x+2)≥15x(x+2)\ge15 as two separate inequalities (x≥15x\ge15 and x+2≥15x+2\ge15) — the zero-product rule only applies when one side is zero. Always expand and rearrange to standard form first.